"According to the Journal of the American Heart Association a March 24, 2018 study showed that the association between coffee consumption and coronary calcification was related to smoking status.
Habitual coffee drinking of three cups or more of coffee a day was associated with lower odds of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis among never smokers in a Brazilian population.
Their findings suggest that coffee consumption could exert a potential beneficial effect against coronary calcification and CVD risk, particularly in nonsmokers".
